5分钟掌握 openpyxl 操作

各种数据需要导入Excel？多个Excel要合并？目前，Python处理Excel文件有很多库，openpyxl算是其中功能和性能做的比较好的一个。接下来我将为大家介绍各种Excel操作。

打开Excel文件

新建一个Excel文件

        
          
    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook  
    >>> wb = Workbook()  

      

打开现有Excel文件

        
          
    >>> from openpyxl import load_workbook  
    >>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')  

      

打开大文件时，根据需求使用只读或只写模式减少内存消耗。

        
          
wb = load_workbook(filename='large\_file.xlsx', read_only=True)  
  
wb = Workbook(write_only=True)  

      

获取、创建工作表

获取当前活动工作表：

        
          
    >>> ws = wb.active  

      

创建新的工作表：

        
          
    >>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default)  
    # or  
    >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position  
    # or  
    >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # insert at the penultimate position  

      

使用工作表名字获取工作表：

        
          
    >>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]  

      

获取所有的工作表名称：

        
          
    >>> print(wb.sheetnames)  
    ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']  
使用for循环遍历所有的工作表：  
  
    >>> for sheet in wb:  
    ...     print(sheet.title)  

      

保存

保存到流中在网络中使用：

        
          
    >>> from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile  
    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook  
    >>> wb = Workbook()  
    >>> with NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp:  
            wb.save(tmp.name)  
            tmp.seek(0)  
            stream = tmp.read()  
保存到文件：  
  
    >>> wb = Workbook()  
    >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')  
保存为模板：  
  
    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')  
    >>> wb.template = True  
    >>> wb.save('document\_template.xltx')  

      

单元格

单元格位置作为工作表的键直接读取：

        
          
    >>> c = ws['A4']  

      

为单元格赋值：

        
          
    >>> ws['A4'] = 4  
    >>> c.value = 'hello, world'  

      

多个单元格 可以使用切片访问单元格区域：

        
          
    >>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']  

      

使用数值格式：

        
          
    >>> # set date using a Python datetime  
    >>> ws['A1'] = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 21)  
    >>>  
    >>> ws['A1'].number_format  
    'yyyy-mm-dd h:mm:ss'  

      

使用公式：

        
          
    >>> # add a simple formula  
    >>> ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1, 1)"  

      

合并单元格时，除左上角单元格外，所有单元格都将从工作表中删除：

        
          
    >>> ws.merge_cells('A2:D2')  
    >>> ws.unmerge_cells('A2:D2')  
    >>>  
    >>> # or equivalently  
    >>> ws.merge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)  
    >>> ws.unmerge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)   

      

行、列

可以单独指定行、列、或者行列的范围：

        
          
    >>> colC = ws['C']  
    >>> col_range = ws['C:D']  
    >>> row10 = ws[10]  
    >>> row_range = ws[5:10]  

      

可以使用Worksheet.iter_rows()方法遍历行：

        
          
    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):  
    ...    for cell in row:  
    ...        print(cell)  
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>  
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>  
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>  

      

同样的Worksheet.iter_cols()方法将遍历列：

        
          
    >>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):  
    ...     for cell in col:  
    ...         print(cell)  
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>  
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>  
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>  
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>  

      

遍历文件的所有行或列，可以使用Worksheet.rows属性：

        
          
    >>> ws = wb.active  
    >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'  
    >>> tuple(ws.rows)  
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))  

      

或Worksheet.columns属性：

        
          
    >>> tuple(ws.columns)  
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>,  
    <Cell Sheet.A2>,  
    <Cell Sheet.A3>,  
    <Cell Sheet.A4>,  
    <Cell Sheet.A5>,  
    <Cell Sheet.A6>,  
    ...  
    <Cell Sheet.B7>,  
    <Cell Sheet.B8>,  
    <Cell Sheet.B9>),  
    (<Cell Sheet.C1>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C2>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C3>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C4>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C5>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C6>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C7>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C8>,  
    <Cell Sheet.C9>))  

      

使用Worksheet.append()或者迭代使用Worksheet.cell()新增一行数据：

        
          
    >>> for row in range(1, 40):  
    ...     ws1.append(range(600))  
  
    >>> for row in range(10, 20):  
    ...     for col in range(27, 54):  
    ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=row, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))  

      

插入操作比较麻烦。可以使用Worksheet.insert_rows()插入一行或几行：

        
          
     >>> from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter  
     >>> ws.insert_rows(7)   
     >>> row7 = ws[7]  
     >>> for col in range(27, 54):  
    ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=7, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))  

      

Worksheet.insert_cols()操作类似。Worksheet.delete_rows()和Worksheet.delete_cols()用来批量删除行和列。

只读取值

使用Worksheet.values属性遍历工作表中的所有行，但只返回单元格值：

        
          
    for row in ws.values:  
       for value in row:  
         print(value)  

      

Worksheet.iter_rows()和Worksheet.iter_cols()可以设置values_only参数来仅返回单元格的值：

        
          
    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True):  
    ...   print(row)  
    (None, None, None)  
    (None, None, None)  

      

作者：Sinchard，主攻Python库文档翻译，开发代码片段，源码分析

Blog：zhihu.com/people/aiApple

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